Due to the different classification methods, the same ship may have different titles. Most ships are classified according to their use classification. According to different uses, they can be divided into: passenger and cargo ships; general cargo ships; container ships, ro-ro ships, and barges; bulk ships, coal ships, and dual-use ships, and dual-use ships (ores/oil tankers, ores/bulkers/oil tankers). Special cargo ships (transporting wooden vessels, refrigerated vessels, car carriers, etc.); tankers, liquefied gas carriers, liquid chemical vessels, etc.
Passenger and cargo ships: In addition to carrying passengers, some cargoes are also loaded (cages below the waterline are used as far as possible for loading). Passenger and cargo ships are the same as passenger ships on request.
Ordinary cargo ship: commonly known as a general cargo ship. Groceries, also referred to as "unity goods," refer to various items such as machinery and equipment, building materials, and general merchandise. Ships that specialize in transporting bales, packages, and boxes of groceries are called general cargo ships or general cargo ships. The general cargo ship has the following characteristics:
(1) The loading capacity cannot be very large, the general cargo capacity of ocean-going general cargo ships is about 10,000 tons to 14,000 tons; the general cargo capacity of near-ocean general cargo ships is about 5,000 tons; the total cargo load of coastal general cargo vessels is less than 3,000 tons ( Due to the variety of goods, lack of supply, slow loading and unloading, and long time of port suspension, the general cargo carrier’s carrying capacity is too economical for the general assembly.
(2) In order to facilitate cargo handling, general cargo ships are generally provided with 2-3 decks. A 10,000-ton-class general cargo ship with 5-6 cargo holds. Most of the cabins are located in the middle and rear models, and some are in the rear model.
(3) General cargo ships are generally equipped with a first floor and bridges are located at the upper part of the engine room. The old-fashioned 5,000-ton general cargo ship uses the three-island type.
(4) Many 10,000-ton-class general cargo ships often have deep tanks due to ballast requirements, while deep tanks can be used to carry liquid cargo (animal and vegetable oils, molasses, etc.).
(5) General cargo ships are equipped with lifting equipment, most of which are mainly booms, and some are equipped with hydraulic rotating cranes.
(6) Most general cargo ships have one hatch per cargo tank, but a few general cargo ships use double-row hatches according to the needs of loading and unloading cargo.
(7) Irregular general cargo ships are generally low speed ships. Speed ​​is too high for a general cargo ship is not economical. The ocean-going grocery ship is about 14-18 knots, and its endurance is 12,000 nautical miles or more; the speed of an offshore cargo ship is about 13-15 knots; the speed of a coastal general cargo ship is about 11-13 knots.
(8) General cargo ships are generally a host, single propeller.
Container ship: A container ship is a ship that transports container cargo exclusively. It can be divided into three types: full container ship date is a kind of ship that specializes in shipping containers, and other types of goods are not shipped; semi-container ship date is used as a special cargo hold for containers in the central area of ​​the ship, and the cargo holds at both ends of the ship are loaded Groceries; convertible container ships is a multipurpose vessel. The cargo holds of this type of vessel can be changed at any time as required. It is possible to ship containers as well as other ordinary groceries in order to increase the utilization of ships.
Ro-ro ships: Cargo handling is not carried out vertically from the cargo hatches of a deck, but through the opening of the ship's head, tail, or both sides, as well as the springboards on the quay, using a trailer or forklift to load containers or The cargo together with the wheeled chassis, a vessel from the cabin to the terminal. The main advantage of ro-ro ships is that they do not require lifting equipment and the goods can be hauled directly to the receiving location without having to be reloaded in the port, shortening the time for cargo turnover and reducing cargo damage.
Cargo barge: also known as the mother ship: this is a kind of barge as a "floating container", the use of mother ship lifts and rolling equipment to load the barge into the mother ship, or use the lifting equipment on the mother ship to lift the barge (sub-boat) from the water surface A ship that is then put into the mother's hull is collectively referred to as a barge carrier. Many of the ships carrying cargo ships carry container ships on their decks. There are four typical types of barge carriers:
(1) General cargo barges are also known as Lace-style barges (Lighter Aboard Ships referred to as LASH). Like a full-container ship, it is also a sub-structured structure. There are many barges in the cabin. Each barge can be equipped with 4 layers of barges and 2 decks can be stacked on the deck.
(2) The sea-bee cargo carrier is also known as the Western-style cargo carrier (See-Bee Carrier). Its characteristic is that there are no hatches and there are three full-pass decks in the cabin. The loading and unloading of the barges depends on the lifting platforms installed in the stern lift shafts and the horizontal rolling loading and unloading barges of the trolleys.
(3) The double-hulled cargo barge is also known as the Barka Aboard Catamaran (BACAT). This type of ship has a double body structure, with the first part closed and the tail part open, relying on the lifting platform and the rollers on the deck to load and unload the barges.
(4) A floating dock type cargo barge, also known as a Barco type cargo barge, uses a mother ship that sinks to a certain depth of water, uses a floating dock to float the barge, and can be loaded with barges in multiple layers.
Bulk carriers: Ships carrying large quantities of dry bulk cargoes such as bulk grain, coal, ore, salt, and cement can all be called dry bulk carriers or short bulk carriers. Because dry bulk carriers have a single type of cargo, they do not need to be packaged into bales, bales, and containers. They are not afraid of extrusion and are easy to handle, so they are all single-deck vessels. If the total load is more than 50,000 tons, the lifting equipment is generally not installed. Since the stowage factor (volume per ton of cargo) of grains, coal, and ore, etc. varies greatly, the required size of the cargo tank, the structure, layout, and equipment of the hull are different. Therefore, it is generally customary to only ship ships loaded with cargoes with similar loading factors, such as grain and coal, as bulk carriers, and ships with cargoes with smaller stowage factors, such as ore, as ore carriers. The bulk cargoes used for grain, coal, ore, etc. are usually divided into the following categories.
(1) The total load DW is 100,000 tons or more and is called a Capesize ship.
(2) The total load DW is 60,000 ton, commonly referred to as the Panamax type. This is the largest ship type that the Panama Canal can allow. The length of the captain is less than 245 meters, the width of the ship is not more than 32.2 meters, and the maximum allowable draught is 12.04 meters.
(3) The total load capacity DW is 35000 tons class -40,000 class, which is called portable bulk carrier. With shallow drafts, all ports in the world can basically stop.
(4) The total load capacity DW is 20,000 tons and 27,000 tons, which is called small bulk carrier. Can reach the largest ship of the five largest lakes in the United States. The maximum length of the ship is not more than 222.5 meters, the maximum width of the ship is less than 23.1 meters, and the maximum draft is less than 7.925 meters. For ships transporting ore, the greater the carrying capacity, the lower the transportation cost. At present, the minimum total carrying capacity of ore carriers is 57,000 tons; the largest is 260,000 tons; most are 12,000 tons and 150,000 tons. Due to the large size of the ship, the height of the landing gear on the shore during high tide is often not high enough. Therefore, such ore carriers use the amount of ballast water to adjust the draught of the ship while loading and unloading cargo.
Tanker: Broadly speaking, it refers to a ship that transports various oils in bulk. In addition to transporting petroleum, petroleum-based refined oil, various animal and vegetable oils, liquid natural gas, and petroleum gas, etc. However, most commonly referred to as oil tankers, most of them refer to ships that transport crude oil. The ships carrying refined oil are called product oil tankers. Ships carrying liquid natural gas and petroleum gas are called liquefied gas carriers. The greater the tanker's load, the lower the transportation cost. Due to the abundant supply of oil and quick loading and unloading, the tanker can be constructed very large. The total loading capacity of offshore oil tankers is about 30,000 tons; the total carrying capacity of near ocean tankers is about 60,000 tons; the total loading capacity of large ocean tankers is about 200,000 tons; the total carrying capacity of supertankers is more than 300,000 tons. The largest tanker has reached 560,000 tons. Tankers are single deck, single bottom structures. Because the cargo oil is floating on the surface after the damage in the cargo space, the tank will not be flooded. Therefore, in addition to the double bottom in the cabin area, the cargo tank area is generally not provided with a double bottom. However, the occurrence of marine accidents in oil tankers will cause pollution. In recent years, some large-scale tankers have double bottom or double hulls.
Liquefied gas carrier: A vessel that transports liquid petroleum gas and natural gas in bulk. Some people call it a special oil tanker. According to the temperature and pressure of the liquefied gas during transportation, it is divided into three types:
(1) Pressure type liquefied gas carrier: This type of liquefied gas carrier is suitable for short-distance transport of small amounts of liquefied gas in the offshore area. At room temperature, the gas is pressurized to a liquefaction pressure, and the liquefied gas is stored in a high-pressure vessel for transportation. In this mode of transport, the hull structure and operating techniques are relatively simple, but the weight of the vessel is large and the capacity utilization of the vessel is low, and it is not suitable for the construction of large-scale high-pressure vessels.
(2) Low-pressure pressure type liquefied gas carrier: The temperature of the liquefied gas is controlled at a temperature of 45°C or lower, but higher than the boiling point of the liquefied gas. In this temperature range, the gas is pressurized to a liquid state for transportation. With this type of transport, the temperature and pressure of the liquefied gas need to be controlled, the interior of the tank must be insulated and insulated, and the freezer should be installed.
(3) Low-temperature type liquefied gas carriers: Under atmospheric pressure, the gas is cooled to a liquid temperature below the temperature for transportation. There are temperature and pressure control devices on board. It is suitable for transporting large quantities of liquefied gases. At present, there are more liquefied gas carriers of this type.
Dual-use vessels: Dual-purpose or triple-purpose vessels that can be loaded with crude oil or bulk cargo or mineral sand. Although special ships such as bulk carriers, ore carriers, and oil tankers have large carrying capacities, due to the single types of goods being transported, they cannot ship other types of cargo, and they have to be ballasted and empty. The dual-use vessel is based on the change in the type of cargo. The ship can carry different types of cargo during the round-trip flight. There are two main types of dual-use vessels:
(1) Mineral/oil dual-purpose vessels are used to transport ore and crude oil. Referred to as "ore/oil" for short, the middle cargo tank of such a ship is relatively narrow, accounting for 40% to 50% of the ship's cargo capacity. The transport of mineral sands is in the middle cargo tanks, and in the transportation of crude oil, it is installed in both side tanks and intermediate tanks.
(2) Mineral/disperse/oil three-purpose vessels are used to transport ore, lighter bulk cargo, and crude oil. Abbreviated as O. B. O
Passenger and cargo ships: In addition to carrying passengers, some cargoes are also loaded (cages below the waterline are used as far as possible for loading). Passenger and cargo ships are the same as passenger ships on request.
Ordinary cargo ship: commonly known as a general cargo ship. Groceries, also referred to as "unity goods," refer to various items such as machinery and equipment, building materials, and general merchandise. Ships that specialize in transporting bales, packages, and boxes of groceries are called general cargo ships or general cargo ships. The general cargo ship has the following characteristics:
(1) The loading capacity cannot be very large, the general cargo capacity of ocean-going general cargo ships is about 10,000 tons to 14,000 tons; the general cargo capacity of near-ocean general cargo ships is about 5,000 tons; the total cargo load of coastal general cargo vessels is less than 3,000 tons ( Due to the variety of goods, lack of supply, slow loading and unloading, and long time of port suspension, the general cargo carrier’s carrying capacity is too economical for the general assembly.
(2) In order to facilitate cargo handling, general cargo ships are generally provided with 2-3 decks. A 10,000-ton-class general cargo ship with 5-6 cargo holds. Most of the cabins are located in the middle and rear models, and some are in the rear model.
(3) General cargo ships are generally equipped with a first floor and bridges are located at the upper part of the engine room. The old-fashioned 5,000-ton general cargo ship uses the three-island type.
(4) Many 10,000-ton-class general cargo ships often have deep tanks due to ballast requirements, while deep tanks can be used to carry liquid cargo (animal and vegetable oils, molasses, etc.).
(5) General cargo ships are equipped with lifting equipment, most of which are mainly booms, and some are equipped with hydraulic rotating cranes.
(6) Most general cargo ships have one hatch per cargo tank, but a few general cargo ships use double-row hatches according to the needs of loading and unloading cargo.
(7) Irregular general cargo ships are generally low speed ships. Speed ​​is too high for a general cargo ship is not economical. The ocean-going grocery ship is about 14-18 knots, and its endurance is 12,000 nautical miles or more; the speed of an offshore cargo ship is about 13-15 knots; the speed of a coastal general cargo ship is about 11-13 knots.
(8) General cargo ships are generally a host, single propeller.
Container ship: A container ship is a ship that transports container cargo exclusively. It can be divided into three types: full container ship date is a kind of ship that specializes in shipping containers, and other types of goods are not shipped; semi-container ship date is used as a special cargo hold for containers in the central area of ​​the ship, and the cargo holds at both ends of the ship are loaded Groceries; convertible container ships is a multipurpose vessel. The cargo holds of this type of vessel can be changed at any time as required. It is possible to ship containers as well as other ordinary groceries in order to increase the utilization of ships.
Ro-ro ships: Cargo handling is not carried out vertically from the cargo hatches of a deck, but through the opening of the ship's head, tail, or both sides, as well as the springboards on the quay, using a trailer or forklift to load containers or The cargo together with the wheeled chassis, a vessel from the cabin to the terminal. The main advantage of ro-ro ships is that they do not require lifting equipment and the goods can be hauled directly to the receiving location without having to be reloaded in the port, shortening the time for cargo turnover and reducing cargo damage.
Cargo barge: also known as the mother ship: this is a kind of barge as a "floating container", the use of mother ship lifts and rolling equipment to load the barge into the mother ship, or use the lifting equipment on the mother ship to lift the barge (sub-boat) from the water surface A ship that is then put into the mother's hull is collectively referred to as a barge carrier. Many of the ships carrying cargo ships carry container ships on their decks. There are four typical types of barge carriers:
(1) General cargo barges are also known as Lace-style barges (Lighter Aboard Ships referred to as LASH). Like a full-container ship, it is also a sub-structured structure. There are many barges in the cabin. Each barge can be equipped with 4 layers of barges and 2 decks can be stacked on the deck.
(2) The sea-bee cargo carrier is also known as the Western-style cargo carrier (See-Bee Carrier). Its characteristic is that there are no hatches and there are three full-pass decks in the cabin. The loading and unloading of the barges depends on the lifting platforms installed in the stern lift shafts and the horizontal rolling loading and unloading barges of the trolleys.
(3) The double-hulled cargo barge is also known as the Barka Aboard Catamaran (BACAT). This type of ship has a double body structure, with the first part closed and the tail part open, relying on the lifting platform and the rollers on the deck to load and unload the barges.
(4) A floating dock type cargo barge, also known as a Barco type cargo barge, uses a mother ship that sinks to a certain depth of water, uses a floating dock to float the barge, and can be loaded with barges in multiple layers.
Bulk carriers: Ships carrying large quantities of dry bulk cargoes such as bulk grain, coal, ore, salt, and cement can all be called dry bulk carriers or short bulk carriers. Because dry bulk carriers have a single type of cargo, they do not need to be packaged into bales, bales, and containers. They are not afraid of extrusion and are easy to handle, so they are all single-deck vessels. If the total load is more than 50,000 tons, the lifting equipment is generally not installed. Since the stowage factor (volume per ton of cargo) of grains, coal, and ore, etc. varies greatly, the required size of the cargo tank, the structure, layout, and equipment of the hull are different. Therefore, it is generally customary to only ship ships loaded with cargoes with similar loading factors, such as grain and coal, as bulk carriers, and ships with cargoes with smaller stowage factors, such as ore, as ore carriers. The bulk cargoes used for grain, coal, ore, etc. are usually divided into the following categories.
(1) The total load DW is 100,000 tons or more and is called a Capesize ship.
(2) The total load DW is 60,000 ton, commonly referred to as the Panamax type. This is the largest ship type that the Panama Canal can allow. The length of the captain is less than 245 meters, the width of the ship is not more than 32.2 meters, and the maximum allowable draught is 12.04 meters.
(3) The total load capacity DW is 35000 tons class -40,000 class, which is called portable bulk carrier. With shallow drafts, all ports in the world can basically stop.
(4) The total load capacity DW is 20,000 tons and 27,000 tons, which is called small bulk carrier. Can reach the largest ship of the five largest lakes in the United States. The maximum length of the ship is not more than 222.5 meters, the maximum width of the ship is less than 23.1 meters, and the maximum draft is less than 7.925 meters. For ships transporting ore, the greater the carrying capacity, the lower the transportation cost. At present, the minimum total carrying capacity of ore carriers is 57,000 tons; the largest is 260,000 tons; most are 12,000 tons and 150,000 tons. Due to the large size of the ship, the height of the landing gear on the shore during high tide is often not high enough. Therefore, such ore carriers use the amount of ballast water to adjust the draught of the ship while loading and unloading cargo.
Tanker: Broadly speaking, it refers to a ship that transports various oils in bulk. In addition to transporting petroleum, petroleum-based refined oil, various animal and vegetable oils, liquid natural gas, and petroleum gas, etc. However, most commonly referred to as oil tankers, most of them refer to ships that transport crude oil. The ships carrying refined oil are called product oil tankers. Ships carrying liquid natural gas and petroleum gas are called liquefied gas carriers. The greater the tanker's load, the lower the transportation cost. Due to the abundant supply of oil and quick loading and unloading, the tanker can be constructed very large. The total loading capacity of offshore oil tankers is about 30,000 tons; the total carrying capacity of near ocean tankers is about 60,000 tons; the total loading capacity of large ocean tankers is about 200,000 tons; the total carrying capacity of supertankers is more than 300,000 tons. The largest tanker has reached 560,000 tons. Tankers are single deck, single bottom structures. Because the cargo oil is floating on the surface after the damage in the cargo space, the tank will not be flooded. Therefore, in addition to the double bottom in the cabin area, the cargo tank area is generally not provided with a double bottom. However, the occurrence of marine accidents in oil tankers will cause pollution. In recent years, some large-scale tankers have double bottom or double hulls.
Liquefied gas carrier: A vessel that transports liquid petroleum gas and natural gas in bulk. Some people call it a special oil tanker. According to the temperature and pressure of the liquefied gas during transportation, it is divided into three types:
(1) Pressure type liquefied gas carrier: This type of liquefied gas carrier is suitable for short-distance transport of small amounts of liquefied gas in the offshore area. At room temperature, the gas is pressurized to a liquefaction pressure, and the liquefied gas is stored in a high-pressure vessel for transportation. In this mode of transport, the hull structure and operating techniques are relatively simple, but the weight of the vessel is large and the capacity utilization of the vessel is low, and it is not suitable for the construction of large-scale high-pressure vessels.
(2) Low-pressure pressure type liquefied gas carrier: The temperature of the liquefied gas is controlled at a temperature of 45°C or lower, but higher than the boiling point of the liquefied gas. In this temperature range, the gas is pressurized to a liquid state for transportation. With this type of transport, the temperature and pressure of the liquefied gas need to be controlled, the interior of the tank must be insulated and insulated, and the freezer should be installed.
(3) Low-temperature type liquefied gas carriers: Under atmospheric pressure, the gas is cooled to a liquid temperature below the temperature for transportation. There are temperature and pressure control devices on board. It is suitable for transporting large quantities of liquefied gases. At present, there are more liquefied gas carriers of this type.
Dual-use vessels: Dual-purpose or triple-purpose vessels that can be loaded with crude oil or bulk cargo or mineral sand. Although special ships such as bulk carriers, ore carriers, and oil tankers have large carrying capacities, due to the single types of goods being transported, they cannot ship other types of cargo, and they have to be ballasted and empty. The dual-use vessel is based on the change in the type of cargo. The ship can carry different types of cargo during the round-trip flight. There are two main types of dual-use vessels:
(1) Mineral/oil dual-purpose vessels are used to transport ore and crude oil. Referred to as "ore/oil" for short, the middle cargo tank of such a ship is relatively narrow, accounting for 40% to 50% of the ship's cargo capacity. The transport of mineral sands is in the middle cargo tanks, and in the transportation of crude oil, it is installed in both side tanks and intermediate tanks.
(2) Mineral/disperse/oil three-purpose vessels are used to transport ore, lighter bulk cargo, and crude oil. Abbreviated as O. B. O
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