The ocean is a huge treasure house of human resources and an important raw material base for future social material production. At this stage, all countries in the world are competing to develop marine high-tech and exploit marine mineral resources. Marine minerals that humans have discovered have the following six categories:
Oil and gas
The ocean is rich in oil and gas resources, and its oil resources account for about 34% of the total global oil resources. At the end of the last century, the annual output of offshore oil reached 3 billion tons, accounting for 50% of the world's total oil production. The oil and gas reserves in China's seas are about 4 to 5 billion tons. Under the premise of not affecting the marine ecological balance, the exploration and development efforts are gradually increasing.
Seashore sand mine
Mainly in coastal shelf area, main minerals are: titanium metal minerals iron ore, rutile, zircon, magnetite (titanium magnetite); cassiterite rare minerals, niobium tantalite; rare mineral monazite and xenotime; noble metal minerals gold, diamond, silver, platinum; non-metallic minerals quartz sand, shells, and the like amber. The coastal sand mine has obvious economic value and has great application value in industry, national defense and high technology.
Seabed phosphate rock
It refers to phosphorus-containing sediments that are enriched in the seabed by biodeposition or biochemical deposition and have significant industrial value. Its main mineral component is apatite. Mainly distributed in the coastal Bund, shallow sea shelf and other places, the output water depth is generally tens of meters to several hundred meters. Seabed phosphate is widely used in the fields of medicine, food, matches, dyes, sugar, ceramics, and national defense.
Polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich manganese crusts
Polymetallic nodules contain dozens of elements such as manganese, iron, nickel , cobalt, copper, etc., mainly black "spherical" deposits composed of iron manganese oxides and hydroxides. It is enriched in the seabed plain with a water depth of 4,500-5,500 m. The richest in the Pacific Ocean, followed by the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
The cobalt-rich manganese crust is a self-generated iron-manganese oxide and hydroxide aggregate on the seabed. It is stored in the seabed at a depth of 400~4000m. The crust is generally 1-10cm thick and the thickest is up to 24cm. The metal contained in the cobalt-rich crust is used for steel to increase the special properties such as hardness, strength and corrosion resistance.
Submarine polymetallic ooze (hydrothermal deposit)
It is a sulfide containing a large amount of metal, and the high temperature magma sprayed from the seafloor rift is formed by cooling deposition. If the ore-bearing hydrothermal rise channel is isolated from the seawater, the undiluted hydrothermal fluid is ejected in the form of a chimney, forming a hydrothermal deposit. This hydrothermal deposit is rich in various metal resources such as iron, manganese, lead , zinc , gold and silver. Research on the survival and reproduction of submarine hydrothermal vent biota has also become an important topic for scientists.
Combustible ice
It is a new type of mineral called natural gas hydrate. It is an ice-state solid material composed of hydrocarbons and water molecules under low temperature and high pressure conditions. The energy density is high, the impurities are few, there is almost no pollution after combustion, the mineral layer is thick, the scale is large, and the distribution is wide. As mining technology matures, the widespread use of combustible ice in the future will bring new hope to human development.
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