On February 3, 2003, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published a report on the “Global Mercury Status Assessment†in Nairobi. According to the report, since the industrial revolution, the content of mercury in the global atmosphere, water and soil has increased by about three times, and the content of mercury in the vicinity of industrial areas is higher.
According to the report of the United Nations Environment Program, the amount of mercury released into the atmosphere by various human activities is 1900-2200 tons per year. Among them, coal- fired power generation and incineration waste emit 1,500 tons of mercury per year into the atmosphere. It accounts for 70% of human mercury emissions to the atmosphere, while Asia emits 860 tons, the highest in the world.
The environmental pollution of mercury has caused serious consequences. In Japan, 2953 people were diagnosed with mink disease, and there were more than 10,000 people with abnormal feelings, causing serious social problems. The Japanese government has been treating mink disease for 40 years. In the 1970s and 1980s, some cases of chronic poisoning of methylmercury were found among fishermen along the second Songhua River in China. Due to timely treatment measures, the outbreak of mink disease was avoided.
In recent years, a new breakthrough has been made in the study of methylmercury toxicity, and studies have revealed that the harm of methylmercury to humans is much more serious than originally thought. According to the latest research results, in 2001, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued environmental quality standards for methylmercury in water. According to the new standard, in 2000, the mercury content of nearly 5 million women in the United States was higher than the safety standard. Up to 300,000 newborns may be affected each year because of mercury damage to their intelligence and nervous system. UNEP speculated that This data can be as high as millions in the world.
China's largest mercury use in the world
China is currently the country with the largest amount of mercury in the world. In 2000, the world's mercury production was about 2,000 tons, while the annual consumption of mercury in China was over 900 tons, and imports accounted for about 70%. White spoon mercury use involves many industries and sectors, the most important focus in the chemical, battery, yellow gold dressing and smelting, electric light and the medical device industry. Taking the electric light source industry as an example, in 2002, more than 2 billion standard cubic meters of mercury-containing waste gas were discharged, more than 1 million tons of mercury-containing wastewater, and nearly 10,000 tons of mercury-containing waste. The annual mercury consumption is 48.8 tons, of which 24.4 tons of mercury is emitted from the process, and the same amount of mercury is present in the electric light source products, and will eventually enter the environment. China is a large coal-fired country. In 2003, the total coal consumption was about 1.5 billion tons. In 1995, according to the coal consumption of 1.38 billion tons in the year, 213.8 tons of mercury and 89.07 tons of mercury were emitted into the atmosphere and ash, respectively. The share of the share is relatively large. There is no accurate statistics on the mercury emissions of nonferrous metallurgy, gold smelting and so on.
Serious mercury pollution
China is one of the most serious areas of atmospheric mercury pollution in the world. The annual average sedimentation of mercury in the atmosphere is greater than 70μg/m2. Mercury pollution in Liaohe and Yellow Rivers in China is serious, and the order of pollutants in mercury is in the top three in 5 years. Mercury pollution in China's seas has increased from 1995 to 2000. At some coastal water monitoring sites, mercury has become the largest indicator. The mercury pollution in mercury mines, gold mines, chlor-alkali plants and non-ferrous metal smelters in China is very serious, including environmental factors such as atmosphere, water and soil. In the soil-purifying areas of Guizhou Province, the mercury concentration in the air exceeds the atmospheric mercury concentration standard of residential areas by 17.5 to 2646.3 times, the drinking water exceeds the sanitary standard by one to three times, and the edible part of the crops exceeds the standard by tens to hundreds of times. Atmospheric and soil mercury pollution in urban areas of China is also serious, and the proportion of exceeding the standard has increased year by year. The highest mercury content in the air of Guiyang City reached 565.8 ng/m3. In most areas, the mercury content in the precipitation was close to or exceeded 0.10 μg/L, and the mercury content in the dustfall was 0.6-5.0 mg/Kg. The average concentration of mercury in the air during the heating period in Beijing was 216.9 ng/m3, and the individual locations reached 427.08 ng/m3. China's mercury-containing pesticides and chemical fertilizers pose a hazard to agro-ecosystems. The amount of mercury in chemical fertilizers is as high as 5 mg/kg, and vegetables and some agricultural products are contaminated with mercury.
The situation of mercury pollution prevention and control is grim
At present, China's mercury pollution research has seriously laged behind the situation. Although the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the State Environmental Protection Administration have conducted investigations on the import and export of mercury and the use of mercury in the industry, so far, the production, import, processing, utilization and discharge of mercury are still in an indeterminate state. The statistics are scarce and the mutual support is poor. In the process of coal burning, metal smelting, sulfuric acid manufacturing, etc., these industries and sectors have become the most important source of atmospheric mercury pollution, but lack of in-depth research. In recent years, China has achieved certain results in the management of mercury-containing batteries and the management of small gold industries. However, there are still many mercury and mercury-extracting industries that have not been treated.
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Mercury is a chemical with severe physiological toxicity. It can enter the human body through the respiratory tract, esophagus and skin. The excessive absorption of mercury in the human body can cause mercury poisoning. Any form of mercury in the environment can be converted into highly toxic methylmercury under certain conditions. After methylmercury enters the human body, it is most important to invade the human nervous system, especially the central nervous system. Recent pathological studies have shown that methylmercury can cross the placental barrier to invade the fetus, causing congenital diseases in newborns. In addition to the damage to the nervous system, the development of the child's immune system and circulatory system is also violated.
Methylmercury in the environment can be transmitted along the aquatic food chain for high bioaccumulation. In the ocean, sharks, swordfish, tuna, octopus and other large fishes and seals in the top of the food chain have the highest mercury content; in lakes and rivers, the highest level of methyl alcohol in the meat chain is the highest. The most important way for humans to be affected by methylmercury is to eat fish and shellfish and marine mammals contaminated with mercury.
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