I. Overview
Aluminosilicate minerals are feldspar, potassium, sodium, calcium, barium, alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, the crystal structure is a frame structure. The main components thereof are SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , K 2 O, Na 2 O, CaO and the like. The feldspar minerals are the most widely distributed in the earth's crust, accounting for about 50% of the total weight of the crust. They are a ubiquitous rock-forming mineral, 60% of which is found in magma, 30% in metamorphic rocks, and 10% in sedimentary rocks, mainly in clastic rocks, but only when it is quite enriched, feldspar can become Industrial minerals. There are four main components of feldspar: potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite, celsian, and the main physical and chemical properties of the feldspar minerals are as follows:
Potash feldspar: K 2 O, Al 2 O 3 , 6SiO 2 , wherein K 2 O 16.9 %, Al 2 O 3 18.4 %, SiO 2 64.8 %, density 2.56 g/cm 3 , Mohs hardness 6 , monoclinic Crystal system, the color is white, red, milky white, melting point 1290 ° C.
Albite: Na 2 O· Al 2 O 3 ·6SiO 2 , wherein Na 2 O 11.8 %, Al 2 O 3 19.5 %, SiO 2 68.8 %, density 2.605 g/cm 3 , Mohs hardness 6 , three oblique Crystal system, color white, blue, gray, melting point 1215 °C.
Anorthite: CaO· Al 2 O 3 ·6SiO 2 , wherein CaO 20.1 %, Al 2 O 3 36.7 %, SiO 2 43.2 %, density 2.77g/cm 3 , Mohs hardness 6 , triclinic, color It is white, gray and red with a melting point of 1552 °C.
钡feldspar: BaO·Al 2 O 3 ·6SiO 2 , wherein BaO 40.9 %, Al 2 O 3 27.1 %, SiO 2 32.0 %, density 2.77g/cm 3 , Mohs hardness 6 , triclinic, color It is white, gray and red with a melting point of 1715 °C.
Second, the type of deposits and their distribution
1. The genetic type of the deposit
The feldspar deposits can be divided into two categories according to their causes:
(1) Pegmatite-type feldspar mine: These deposits mainly occur in the pegmatite area, and the surrounding rocks are mostly ancient sedimentary metamorphic gneiss or mixed lithified gneiss. There are also some veins that are produced in granite or basic rock or on contact belts. The ore is mainly concentrated in the feldspar block belt of the pegmatite or the single feldspar pegmatite. Most of China's feldspar deposits are pegmatite deposits, such as Linyi in Shaanxi, Wangcang in Sichuan, Wenxi in Shanxi, Xintai in Shandong, Haicheng in Liaoning, and Hengshan in Hunan.
(2) Magmatic rock-type feldspar deposits: These deposits are produced in acidic, intermediate-acid and alkaline magmatic rocks, of which the most important ones are produced in alkaline rocks, such as nepheline syenite and nepheline syenite. Rock deposits, followed by granite, Baigangyan deposits and syenite and quartz syenite deposits.
2. Mineral deposit, industrial type
In general, pure feldspar is rare in nature. Even minerals known as "potassium feldspar" may be symbiotic or mixed with some albite. The feldspar mineral composed of K-feldspar and albite is generally called alkali feldspar; the feldspar mineral composed of albite and anorthite is called plagioclase; the feldspar mineral composed of anorthite and celsian is called Alkali feldspar. Potassium micro-plagioclase is a kind of potassium feldspar whose crystal system is triclinic. The albite is regularly arranged in the potassium feldspar, called stripe feldspar.
The feldspar mines that have been exploited in China are mainly produced in pegmatite. Some of the feldspars are produced in weathered granite, fine-grained rocks, hydrothermal alteration deposits and feldspar sands.
3. Distribution of minerals
Feldspar is one of the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust and is produced in some sinkholes and in almost all igneous rocks. It is inferred that the feldspar mining bed is located in most parts of the world, and the total amount of potential minerals available is also extremely large.
China's feldspar mine resources are very rich. As of 1994, there are dozens of mines with certain reserves, and the national A+B+C grade reserves are 40.83 million tons. More than half of them have not been developed and utilized. Mainly distributed in Shanxi, Liaoning, Anhui, Shandong, Hunan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang.
The distribution of the National Feldspar Deposit is as follows:
(1) Yunnan old old Baimazhai feldspar mine
Located 4 kilometers south of Gejiu City, there is a highway. The type of deposit is Yanshanian granite and biotite . The ore SiO 2 SiO 2 is 76.08%, Al 2 O 3 is 13.00%, Fe 2 O 3 is 1.08%, K 2 O is 4.21%, and Na 2 O is 3.44%. The mining area is open-pit mining, and the ore is obtained by magnetic separation to obtain SiO 2 77.43%, Al 2 O 3 12.30%, Fe 2 O 3 0.14%, K 2 O 4.15% and Na 2 O 3.82%.
(2) Daxingshan Changshi Mine, Xingcheng County, Liaoning Province
The mining area is located in Xingcheng County, 6 kilometers away from Dongxinzhuang Station of Shenshan Line, and there are highways connected. The deposit is a pegmatite type ore K 2 O 8.24～12.4%, Na 2 O 2.22～5.01%, Fe 2 O 3 0.08～0.82%.
(3) Ganshan Changshi Mine in Su County, Anhui Province
The mining area is located 8 kilometers northeast of Fuxianji, and there is a highway. The deposit is a hydrothermal alteration deposit. The ore composition is as follows: SiO 2 75.52%, Al 2 O 3 13.24%, Fe 2 O 3 0.27%, TiO 2 0.08% , K 2 O+Na 2 O 7.84%, MgO+CaO 0.89%.
(4) Anhui Fengyang Ant Mountain Feldspar Mine
Mining area 14 km away from Bengbu, highway railway communication, convenient transportation.
(5) Liangting River Changshi Mine, Susong County, Anhui Province
The mining area is located more than 20 kilometers north of Susong County, and there are highways connected. The deposit is a weathered granite. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: SiO 2 74.23%, Al 2 O 3 14.87%, Fe 2 O 3 0.78%, K 2 O 4.11%, Na 2 O 1.50%.
(6) Jinzhu Qianlongshi Mine, Jingde County, Anhui Province
The mining area is located in Xiangyun Township, 40 kilometers west of Suide County. The deposit is a weathered shell type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: SiO 2 74.76%, Al 2 O 3 14.73%, Fe 2 O 3 0.98%, TiO 2 0.05%.
(7) Yikeng Changshi Mine, Qimen County, Anhui Province
The mining area is located 21 kilometers west of the city of Tuen Mun, and there are highways connected. The deposit is of a weathered clay type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: SiO 2 74.70%, Al 2 O 3 15.24%, Fe 2 O 3 0.05%, TiO 2 0.05%.
(8) Tuanwan Changshi Mine, Linxiang County, Hunan Province
The mining area is located 44 kilometers east of Linxiang County, with highways connected. The deposit is a granitic pegmatite. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: Si 2 O 64-66%, Al 2 O 3 18-20%, Fe 2 O 3 0.1%, K 2 O 12-14%, Na 2 O <3%.
(9) Shibei feldspar mine in Hengshan County, Hunan Province
The mining area is located in the northwest direction of the county, 31 kilometers away, and there is a highway. The ore is a sodium-type pegmatite type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: No. 1 ore body: Na 2 O 8.89-10.64%, K 2 O 0.09-0.53%. No. 2 ore body: Na 2 O 8.70-10.65%, K 2 O 0.21-0.70%.
(10) Xinjiang Kumis feldspar mine
The mining area is located one kilometer north of Kumish in the Toksun County, and is connected to the Kumis station on the southern Xinjiang road. The deposit is of the pegmatite type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: SiO 2 69.25%, Al 2 O 3 16.95%, Fe 2 O 3 0.92%, K 2 O+Na 2 O<11%.
(11) Cocoa Sea Feldspar Mine, Fuwen County, Xinjiang
The mining area is located in Cocotohai Town, Fuwen County, with roads connecting to the county seat 47 kilometers. The deposit is of the granitic pegmatite type. The albite in the ore accounts for 67%, and the micro-plagioclase accounts for 95-100%. Its chemical composition is as follows: K 2 O + Na 2 O 15.35 - 15.60 %, K 2 O: Na 2 O = 5.5:1.
(12) Xinjiang Sangshuyuanzi Changshi Mine
The mining area is located 58 kilometers east of Kumis Village in Toksun County, 8 kilometers away from Maan Bridge of Nanjiang Highway, and the car can pass through the mining area. The deposit is of the pegmatite type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: SiO 2 66.55%, Al 2 O 3 17.9%, Fe 2 O 3 1.22%.
(13) Wenxi Wenjiapo feldspar mine in Shanxi
The mining area is located in the south-east direction of Wenxi County, with a straight distance of 15 kilometers. The deposit is of the pegmatite type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: SiO 2 62-65%, Al2O3 18-20%, Fe 2 O 3 0.15-0.88%, K 2 O 11-14%, Na 2 O 2 -3.38%.
(14) Shangyuan Stone Mine, Mengxian County, Shanxi Province
The mining area is located in the northwest direction of Mengxian City, with a straight distance of 23 kilometers. The deposit is of the pegmatite type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: SiO 2 70.0%, K 2 O 12.0%, Na 2 O 2.02%, MgO 0.16%.
(15) Dangshou Mountain Feldspar Mine, Jixian County, Shanxi Province
The mining area is located in the southwest direction of Jixian County, with a straight distance of 15 kilometers. The deposit is of the pegmatite type. The ore chemical composition is as follows: K 2 O 12.0%, Na 2 O 3.5%, Al 2 O 3 14-17%, Fe2O 3 0.5%.
(16) Pengsijiagou Feldspar Mine, Ji County, Shanxi
The mining area is located in the southwest direction of Jixian County, with a straight distance of 15 kilometers. The deposit is of the pegmatite type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: K 2 O 12.76%, Na 2 O 2.39%, SiO 2 64.94%, Al 2 O 3 18.7%, Fe 2 O 3 0.15%.
(17) Fujiachuan feldspar mine in Zhangjiachuan County, Gansu Province
The mining area is located in the southeast direction of Zhangjiachuan County, with a straight distance of 12 kilometers. The deposit is of the pegmatite type. The average ore content of ore is 70.7-84.3%. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: K 2 O 10.5 - 12.5%, Na 2 O 1.85 - 2.04%, SiO 2 64.77 - 67.79%, Al 2 O 3 17.50 - 19.0%, Fe 2 O3 0.17 - 0.21%.
(18) Chenjiamiao Changshi Mine, Zhangjiachuan County, Gansu Province
The mining area is located in the southeast direction of Zhangjiachuan County, with a straight distance of 70 kilometers. The deposit is of the pegmatite type. The average content of feldspar in ore is 70-80%, and the chemical composition of ore is as follows: K 2 O 10.5 - 11.5%, Na 2 O 2.36 - 2.08%, SiO 2 64.61 - 65.59%, Fe 2 O 3 0.17 - 0.21%.
(19) Shandong Xintai Feldspar Mine
The mining area is located in Shipenghe Village, Yangliuhe Township, Xintai County, and the Xintai Highway passes through the mining area. The deposit is of the pegmatite type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: K 2 O+Na 2 O 12-12.5%, Fe 2 O 3 0.03-0.5%, Al 2 O 3 18.7%, SiO 2 67.0-72.5%.
(20) Dayagou feldspar mine in Chang'an County, Shaanxi Province
The mining area is located in the south of Chang'an County, with a straight distance of 16 kilometers. It is a pegmatite deposit. SiO 2 72.5%, MgO 0.03-0.02%, Al 2 O 3 <15.0%, CaO 0.80%.
(21) Caoying Dahe Feldspar Mine, Shangnan County, Shaanxi Province
The mining area is located in the northeast direction of Shangnan County, 12 kilometers apart, and there are highways connected. It is a pegmatite type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: K 2 O 10.54-12.36%, Na 2 O2.49-3.65%, Al 2 O 3 18.42-19.36%, Fe 2 O 3 0.11-0.18%.
(22) Niankaishan Nianzigou Feldspar Mine, Linyi County, Shaanxi Province
The mining area is located in the southeast direction of Linyi County, 13 kilometers to the county seat, with highways and convenient transportation. The deposit is of the pegmatite type. The chemical composition of the ore is as follows: K 2 O 11.85%, Na 2 O 2.41%, SiO 2 67.13%, Al 2 O 3 17.53%, Fe 2 O 3 0.31%.
three. Main industrial indicators of mineral deposits
The general requirements for feldspar mines in the industry are as follows:
(1) After the selection of feldspar, it should be as pure as possible without impurities, no iron on the surface or only a small amount of ironation. The total content of iron minerals, iron-containing black minerals and mica flakes should be less than 8%.
(2) The content of feldspar in the ore body is required to be above 40%.
(3) The ore block is greater than 5 cm.
(4) The fineness of feldspar powder is required to pass through a 200 mesh sieve, and the sieve residue should be less than 7%.
(5) After calcination at 1130 ° C, it should be melted into a white transparent glass body.
four. Ore nature
(one). Mineral composition of ore
Feldspar is a potassium, sodium, calcium aluminosilicate mineral composed of a silicon oxide tetrahedron. In nature, feldspar is roughly divided into three series. The first is an alkaline feldspar series formed by the mutual fusion of potassium and sodium feldspar, which includes five kinds of feldspar, micro plagioclase, perlite, feldspar and feldspar; The plagioclase series formed by the mutual mixing of sodium and anorthite. At present, it is customary to divide the plagioclase into six types according to the difference in the content ratio of sodium and calcium components, as shown in the following table:
Plagioclus mineral classification
Name sodium feldspar longer stone feldspar labradorite feldspar calcium feldspar
Azocelite molecular content%100—9090—7070—5050—3030—1010—0
Calcium feldspar molecular content%0—1010—3030—5050—7070—9090—100
(2) Mineral characteristics of the target mineral
The feldspar crystal form has two types: monoclinic and triclinic. Alkaline feldspar is brownish red, flesh red, white, gray and white, and plagioclase is grayish white and dark gray. The hardness of feldspar is 6-6.5, the density is 2.55-2.67g/cm 3 , the glass is lustrous, and the two groups are completely cleaved.
Feldspar twin crystals are more common and have become an important feature in the identification of feldspar. According to the relationship between twin bonding and twin axis, they can be divided into three categories: orthogonal twin, parallel twin and mixed twin. Common twin crystals are: albite double crystal, card type double crystal, Xiao double crystal, Aklin double crystal and so on.
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