Industry China Power Generation Equipment Manufacturing Industry China Electrical Industry Association Qiang Peisheng% Power equipment is a key equipment for power industry construction, mainly including thermal power generation equipment, hydropower equipment, nuclear power generation equipment and new energy power generation equipment (current energy in new energy power generation) Power generation technology has matured and has the conditions for large-scale development).
As of 1999, the installed capacity of power generation equipment in China has reached 294 million kW, and the power generation capacity has reached 1.24 trillion kWh. The installed capacity and power generation rank second in the world. The power industry provides a reliable guarantee for the sustained, idle and healthy development of the national economy. In the nearly 300 million kW installed capacity, 80% of the units are domestically produced. The domestic power generation equipment manufacturing industry has become a major equipment manufacturing industry with considerable strength. During the "10th Five-Year Plan" period, the national power generation equipment was put into production at a scale of 75,000 MW. The development policy of the power industry is to actively develop hydropower, optimize the development of thermal power, properly develop nuclear power, develop new energy according to local conditions, focus on the development of power grids, attach great importance to environmental protection, and pay equal attention to development. Improve energy efficiency. In accordance with the domestic power construction policy, and considering the gradual expansion of the requirements for the export of power generation equipment, the power generation equipment manufacturing industry should further improve the technical level and develop new varieties on the basis of stabilizing and improving the quality of current products. This is also the main problem we face after joining the WTO. In the following, this article will analyze the status quo of the industry, explain the impacts on the power generation equipment industry and the countermeasures after joining the WTO, and provide relevant aspects as the research on the impact of the WTO on China's power generation equipment industry.
Advantages and gaps between power generation equipment industry and international counterparts Domestic Harbin, Shanghai, Sichuan and Sichuan three major power generation equipment manufacturing bases compared with major foreign manufacturers, overall, the advantages are small, the gap is large, mainly in: domestic power generation equipment from the 80s At the beginning of the introduction of foreign large-scale thermal motor sister technology began to have a large development and improvement in the technical level, but in general, in terms of product performance parameters, compared with the international advanced level, there is still a certain gap, such as the current heat loss from thermal power look, introduction of international advanced level and optimized closer, the actual operation from the domestic situation, the sub-critical 300MW class units, imported units to 1888 (kW.h); subcritical 600MW class units, the introduction of domestic type It is 1874kcal/(kW.h), which is close to the level of imported units. However, from the peaking capacity of thermal power units, there is a certain gap with foreign countries. Imported units can generally reach 25%~100%, while domestic units can only reach 70%. %~1%, domestically-introduced units can reach the efficiency of 35% hydropower units, and there is a certain gap with foreign countries. The turbine runner model of large hydropower units, The external reach is 93.7%, while the domestic only reaches 92.7%. The domestic generator set cannot fully adapt to the needs of domestic electric power construction. The thermal power equipment currently meets the requirements of users except 600MW and below subcritical, supercritical unit, 10MW or more atmospheric pressure. Circulating fluidized bed boilers and single-machine gas turbines of more than 100 MW are still unable to produce; in terms of hydropower, the main difference is that the large-scale mixed flow unit, large-scale tubular unit and high-head large-capacity pumped storage unit of the Shuitou head have a large gap with foreign countries.
The single unit power of the thermal power unit is 1300 MW in foreign countries, 600 MW in the country, 300 MW in the country, and 800 MW in supercritical foreign countries. It can not be done in China. The air-cooled unit adopts indirect cooling. The largest foreign country is 686 MW, and the domestic is 200 M. The direct cooling method is 665MW in foreign countries, and the domestic is blank; the conventional gas-fired combined cycle unit, the largest foreign unit is 978.7MW, the domestic is 102MW, the foreign temperature can be large-scale atmospheric circulating fluidized bed boiler, and the foreign has been put into operation the largest. 700t/h, domestic 410t/h; pressurized fluidized bed combined cycle generator set, 6 units have been put into operation abroad, only 1MW test unit has been completed in China; the integrated gasification combined cycle generator set has been built abroad. Nearly 20 power plants under construction and proposed to be built, no development research has been carried out in China; the nominal diameter of the hydropower unit and the mixed-flow maximum runner is 9.3m abroad, and the domestic rocky beach is 8m; the axial flow type is the largest foreign diameter of the runner. For the former Soviet Union l.3m, the domestic Gezhouba 11.3m; the cross-flow unit has a large gap with foreign countries, the bulb tubular unit, Japan only reached 65.8MW, the largest in the country is Jiang
700MW units, while China is still in its infancy.
From the perspective of quality and reliability, the equivalent available coefficient of the current thermal power unit reliability index, from the actual operation situation, in 1997, 100.98% for 100MW thermal power unit, 88.71% for 125MW thermal power unit, and 86.86% for 3001 thermal power unit. The 60014 boundary thermal power unit is 82.67%. The above indicators, except for the 600MW thermal power unit, have a gap compared with similar imported units. Compared with the imported units that are actually put into operation, the average equivalent availability coefficient has exceeded the equivalent of similar units. Available factor. 200MW coal-fired units such as domestic total 150, having an average equivalent availability factor of 88.62%, and 88.44% of imported units; Domestic 300MW coal-fired units of 92 sets, the average efficiency was 86.82% availability factor, and to import unit 8564 % thermal power manufacturing quality has improved greatly, but the "common", "illnesses" such as back boiler pipe burst leakage and other issues can not eliminate, the quality is not stable enough. Due to increased grid capacity, the power sector requires 300MW unit equivalent availability factor of 90%, this requirement still a gap.
From the perspective of production scale, the production scale of China's power generation equipment enterprises is in a second-rate state in the world. Steam turbine to produce large scale, foreign enterprises annual capacity of more than 10000MW there are five, namely the US company GE, the annual capacity of 25000MW, WH American company, in the capacity 14000MW, Russia Leningrad metal factory, the annual capacity of 10000MW, France als Tong company, annual capacity Harbin Steam Turbine Co., Ltd., annual capacity 4MW, Dongli Steam Turbine Works, annual capacity 3000MW, Beijing Heavy Duty Motor Factory, annual capacity 1500MW. Among them, the production scale of the three major powers, roughly the original German BBC, Japan Toshiba Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries is similar.
From the perspective of price level, domestic enterprises still have advantages. Due to external and internal reasons, labor productivity is not high, and product costs are rising year by year. At the same time, the domestic power equipment market in the western countries tends to be saturated. In order to squeeze the Chinese market, the equipment sales are not reduced. The price, and adopted the price reduction through domestic subcontracting, so the price advantage of domestic equipment faces a new test.
At present, the sub-critical 300MW unit is taken as an example. The price of the three mainframes is about 170 million yuan, and the average price per kilowatt is 567 yuan, while the imported unit is controlled at the approved price of 92 dollars per kilowatt, excluding tariffs. The tax second fee is 764 yuan per kilowatt, plus the three taxes and two fees will reach 1,000 yuan.
From the price of six 350,000-kilowatt units imported from Siemens in Shanxi Yangcheng Power Plant in recent years, the average price per kilowatt of auxiliary machines is 330 US dollars, of which the average price of three main engines per kilowatt is 138 US dollars, equivalent to about 1,500 yuan per kilowatt. (Including three taxes and two fees), according to this analysis, domestic subcritical thermal power units still have a price advantage. However, due to the technological innovation of the products, the increase of the introduction cost, the management can not keep up with the main and objective factors, the cost will not fall, and the price advantage will gradually decrease.
Analysis of the import and export of power generation equipment The above-mentioned units are 243,740 MW, of which 60,171 MW are imported units, accounting for 24.7%. From the perspective of water and thermal power, the hydropower unit is 45,216 MW, the imported unit is 8,730 MW, the import is 19.3%, and the thermal power unit is 186,512 MW. According to the composition of the imported units, the import ratio of large units is large, the proportion of small units imported is small, the units with 300MW and above, thermal power imports account for 45.1%, hydropower accounts for 47.4%, and there has been an upward trend in the past three years. Among the units put into production in the past three years, the units with 300MW and above, thermal power imports accounted for 48.8%, hydropower accounted for 57.1%, in the 200~300MW class, thermal power imports accounted for 17%, hydropower imports accounted for 18.3%, but in the past three years, The import of thermal power decreased to 6.6%, and the import of tK increased to 33.9%. Among the units of 100-200MW, the import of thermal power increased from 8.5% to 34.1% due to the large import of gas turbines in the past three years. , 7C electric shell I is basically not imported.
600MW subcritical, supercritical, 800, 900MW supercritical in thermal power, and subcritical units such as 350MW and 330MW are currently imported in large quantities, and large-scale mixed-flow, large-scale pumped-storage units, bulbs, and coherent in hydropower. The flow units basically rely on imports.
Exports The export of power generation equipment has been greatly improved compared with the past, and the export enterprises have also expanded. In addition to the four power plants of Harbin, Shanghai, Dongfang and Beijing, other power generation equipment enterprises such as Wuhan Boiler Factory, Hangzhou Boiler Factory and Wuxi Boiler Factory Shanghai Power Plant Auxiliary Machine Factory has exported products. During the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, the export balance was about 3.59 billion yuan, and the export volume was the highest. The steam turbines were Dongfang Steam Turbine Works and Shanghai Steam Turbine Works; the highest boilers were Dongfang Boiler Plant and Shanghai Boiler Plant. The largest machine yeast that has been exported is the 325MW thermal power unit that Dongfang Electric Group and Shanghai Electric Group exported to Iran and Pakistan.
In recent years, the export delivery value, power station boilers in 1996 was 316 million yuan, in 1997 it was 58.8 billion yuan, in 1998 it was 705 million yuan, power station steam turbines in 1996 was 324 million yuan, in 1997 was 349 million yuan, 1998 It is 420 million yuan. The complete set of units that have already won the bid is the Iranian 350MW thermal power complete set.
Although the export of power generation equipment has been greatly improved compared with the past, compared with the production scale of our entire power generation equipment, the proportion of exports is still relatively small.
Tariff and non-tariff changes At present, China has no import licenses for power generation equipment products, and non-tariff restrictions on import quotas. However, the state has restrictions on foreign investment.
In terms of tariffs, there are 24 tariffs related to power generation equipment products and parts, and the average tariff rate is 11.2%. In general, the thermal power unit tax rate is low, the hydropower unit tax rate is high, and the thermal power unit's average tax rate is 10.5%. The power rate is 6% for units with 350MW and above, and 18% for units with 350MW and below; the average tax rate for hydropower units is 12.5%. Except for the tax rate of parts and components, the tax rate for all other units is 10%. The relationship between tax rates, large quantities of 350MW and above units in thermal power, 300MW for users, and 350MW for imports, making it difficult for domestic enterprises to bid, while in hydropower, the proportion of cooperative production is increasing.
After the work and the addition of >wWT0 to the power generation equipment, the color response will be added to the WTO. As a whole, the country will accelerate the reform of state-owned enterprises, making it more market-oriented and making the market environment more standardized. Therefore, in the medium and long term, its impact is positive and it will bring opportunities for the sustained and stable development of the Chinese economy.
This will also bring some positive impacts on the long-term development of the power generation equipment industry. This is mainly due to: vigorously promote domestic power generation equipment enterprises to greatly improve the technical level of products, adjust product structure, reduce product costs, and engage in Good after-sales service to further narrow the gap with large foreign companies and improve competitiveness.
It will be conducive to the further expansion of the export volume of power generation equipment. At present, China's power generation equipment exports mainly rely on price advantage. With the addition of WTO, the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers will certainly facilitate the further expansion of power generation equipment exports.
It will be conducive to the absorption of international advanced technology. With the accession to the WTO, discriminatory treatment in international technology trade will be effectively eliminated. This will be for our high-tech power generation equipment industry. Further absorb an opportunity from foreign technology.
On the other hand, joining the WTO has brought about a historic opportunity for the sustained and stable development of the Chinese economy, but it also brought severe challenges. The power generation equipment industry is no exception, management level, after-sales service, etc. There is still a gap, the product variety is still lagging behind the user requirements. Therefore, with the entry of the WTO, the opening of the market will inevitably intensify the competition in the domestic market, thus bringing some negative impacts on the power generation equipment industry. From the current preliminary analysis, it seems that with the further opening of the market, the domestic power generation equipment industry will be affected to varying degrees. It is expected that in the power generation equipment, the product technology and quality level are not much different from those in foreign countries, and the operation is also ideal. The subcritical 300MW unit with superior price, the ultra-high pressure unit of 200MW and below, the mixed flow type and the axial flow unit of hydropower (except for extra large) will not be greatly affected in the domestic market and foreign markets. Impact, but the start of the technical content is relatively late, or self-developed products that have no performance, such as subcritical 600MW units, and 100MW The cross-flow unit will be subject to a large impact, and the market share of domestic units will further decline. For the future, these varieties will be a big market.
To reduce the tariff by 40%, and with the further decline of tariffs, it will certainly further enhance the price competitiveness of foreign pilots in hydropower units and thermal power units below 350MW, which will affect the market share of this part of domestic units. It will drop further.
The restrictions will further impact domestic power generation equipment enterprises. Due to the affluent power generation equipment in the international market and insufficient tasks, the international capital will be turned to the Chinese market.
Work, everything will depend on the improvement of competitiveness, so in order to reduce costs and improve quality, some materials and accessories will still need to continue to be imported, but due to the reduction of tariffs, the overall cost of the introduction of power generation equipment technology will decline. Accelerate the process of localization. However, how to increase the performance of localized units and participate in international competition will still be a long process.
Second, the countermeasures are also challenges. We must change our mindset and prepare for it. Dare to compete, good at competition may be an opportunity; in turn, not afraid to compete, not good at competition, we will certainly encounter challenges. With the correct ideological foundation, all parties work together and take appropriate countermeasures, the power generation equipment industry will soon achieve more advantages than disadvantages after joining the WTO.
Adjust the development of power generation equipment, from the domestic market to the domestic and foreign markets, participate in the international division of labor, and strive to be in a favorable position in international competition.
Thermal power equipment currently has a price advantage, but to increase the need, the capacity range can be changed by about ±10%, while China has only five grades, namely 100MW, 125MW, and also about ±10%. Now foreign businessmen are well aware of this weakness in China. This is the weak link in the competition of conventional thermal power units.
Strategic structural adjustment products with large investment and high technical content, such as supercritical units above 600MW, gas turbines of 100MW and above, large circulating fluidized bed boilers of 300MW, integrated gasification combined cycle, pressurized fluidized bed combined cycle, For large-scale pumped storage units and full-flow units, the state should formulate a long (such as 15 years) development plan to guide the development. Historically, the introduction and production of a large high-tech product to stable supply requires 1~ 15 years.
Long-term loans to further support the expansion of power generation equipment exports in the expansion of the export of complete sets of power generation equipment, although there are many problems, but the most basic thing is the economic strength and technical strength, because China still has shortcomings in this respect, therefore, In the international market competition, opportunities are often lost.
The technical strength lies mainly in the variety, quality and performance. At present, China's subcritical 300MW unit is close to the international level, but some economic strength problems are not solved by enterprises.
At present, in the international complete power generation equipment market, most of the purchase targets are developing countries. The general economic strength is poor. Most of them need loan support. They can be loaned by international banks (such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, etc.) or by sellers. However, most of these loans require medium- and long-term low-interest loans, such as 5 to 8 years, with annual interest rates ranging from 5% to 6%. Some of them also use the BOT side to sell complete sets of power generation equipment. However, this method cannot see benefits within 3 to 5 years, and most of China's power generation equipment groups are insufficiently funded. The government is in power generation (turn down page 18) Electrician situation Xinjiang's electric power machine attacked from the Xinjiang Electric Power Work Conference: By the end of last year, the total installed capacity of 26 wind farms nationwide was 34.4kW, of which Xinjiang wind power installed capacity was 7.3kW, accounting for the national wind power installed capacity. The volume is 21.1%, ranking first in the country.
One, and also the largest wind farm in Asia at that time, the wind power of Dabancheng. In the past 10 years, Xinjiang's wind power industry has achieved rapid development, and its installed capacity has been continuously expanded. It has built up the development capability of Dabancheng wind power research and development, and it also has the talent advantage.
After three years of research, last year, Xinjiang Wind Energy Company completed the development task of the 600kW domestically produced wind turbine of the National Science and Technology Ministry's “Ninth Five-Year Planâ€, and passed the acceptance test of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Xinjiang Autonomous Region Science and Technology Commission. The localization rate reached 96. %, filled the domestic gap. At the same time, it also determined the important position of Xinjiang Wind Energy Company in the national wind turbine manufacturing industry. In 1989, Xinjiang built a rich and rich operational management experience and no corresponding policies in the country, which also affected some business opportunities.
The adjustment of tariffs is conducive to enhancing the competitiveness of domestic enterprises.
In the adjustment of tariffs on power generation equipment products, it is recommended not to use the same method as other products, which will reduce 40% in the next five years, because the tax rate of power generation equipment above 350MW is 6%, which is close to the level of other countries. . In the near future, it is advisable to reduce the tariffs on parts and components first, in order to encourage foreign manufacturers to cooperate with domestic production.
For the key materials used in power generation equipment, it is not possible to do so at home. It is recommended to reduce tariffs. At present, for boilers, about 50% of steel products are still imported, because domestic materials are of poor quality and have few varieties and specifications, such as those used for heating surfaces. For example, the length of the foreign pipe is 12 ~ 13m, and the domestic production is only 6 ~ 7m. Therefore, the 6000MW power station boiler is also produced. Only six MIG production lines are needed for imported materials, and eight for domestic materials. The cost will increase. In the future, material imports are still inevitable, and tariffs on such materials are recommended to be further reduced.
After the WT is joined, the joint venture should treat the national treatment as a matter of policy. What is the policy for the state-owned enterprise? What should be the policy for the joint venture? Therefore, what is the second guarantee, the import tax exemption, etc. Cancellation, which is conducive to the domestic enterprises and joint ventures in an environment of equal competition.
It is recommended that the WTO Countermeasure Working Group of Power Generation Equipment be recommended by the Machinery and Equipment Import and Export Corporation, and the power generation equipment group to form personnel to form the WT countermeasures working group for power generation equipment. In a certain period of time, as a non-established organization, the association will study and implement relevant countermeasures. And coordinate the interests of all parties to assist each power generation equipment manufacturing group to enhance competitiveness from organizational measures.
Due to some high-tech content, products with good long-term market prospects have a great relationship with the development of enterprises. However, in the near future, they need large capital investment, and the state can set up a fund to give interest-free or low-interest loans.
Joining the WTO is a new problem we face, and it is imperative. We must understand the WTO in detail and be familiar with its rules as soon as possible. In the operation of the industry, we act in accordance with international practices and are good at using the rules of the WTO. Through our continuous efforts, we will achieve a win-win situation for the power generation equipment industry to participate in the WTO.
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